Idayimane "lenkosi yezinto ezibonakalayo", ngenxa yezakhiwo zalo ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba, liye lahlolwa ngokuqhubekayo futhi lanwetshwa emikhakheni yesicelo amashumi eminyaka.Njengengxenye yedayimane lemvelo, idayimane lokwenziwa liye lasetshenziswa emikhakheni esukela kumathuluzi okwenza imishini nokubhoboza kuya kuma-semiconductors we-ultra-wide band gap, kusukela nge-laser nezikhali eziqondisiwe kuya kumasongo edayimane acwebezelayo ezandleni zabesifazane.Idayimane yokwenziwa isibe yingxenye ebalulekile yezimboni nobucwebe.
A. Ulwazi Oluyisisekelo
Idayimane yokwenziwa iwuhlobo lwekristalu yedayimane ehlanganiswe ngendlela yesayensi ngokulingisa okwenziwa kwesimo sekristalu nendawo yokukhula yedayimane lemvelo.Kunezindlela ezimbili ezitholakalayo ezithengiswayo zokukhiqiza amadayimane ngobuningi -- izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nomfutho ophezulu (HTHP) kanye ne-chemical vapor deposition (CVD).Ngobuchwepheshe be-HPHT noma i-CVD, idayimane lokwenziwa lingakhiqizwa emasontweni ambalwa nje, futhi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, inkomba ye-refractive, ukuminyana kwesihlobo, ukuhlakazeka, ubulukhuni, ukuguquguquka okushisayo, ukunwetshwa okushisayo, ukudluliswa kokukhanya, ukumelana nokucindezelwa kwedayimane lemvelo yikho kanye okufanayo.Amadayimane okwenziwa esezingeni eliphezulu ayaziwa nangokuthi amadayimane atshaliwe.
Ukuqhathaniswa kwezindlela ezimbili zokulungiselela imi kanje:
| Uhlobo | Iphrojekthi | I-HPHT izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nendlela yokucindezela | Indlela ye-CVD chemical deposition deposition |
| Indlela yokwenziwa | Impahla eluhlaza eyinhloko | I-graphite powder, i-metal catalyst powder | Igesi equkethe ikhabhoni, i-hydrogen |
| Imishini yokukhiqiza | 6-ubuso bedayimane presser | Imishini ye-CVD Depositional | |
| Imvelo yokwenziwa | Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nendawo enengcindezi ephezulu | Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nendawo enengcindezi ephezulu | |
| Hlakulela izici eziyinhloko zamadayimane | Umumo womkhiqizo | I-Granular, isakhiwo cubic octahedron, 14 | Ishidi, ikhiyubhu yesakhiwo, isiqondiso sokukhula esingu-1 |
| Umjikelezo wokukhula | Kufushane | Yinde | |
| Izindleko | Phansi | Phezulu | |
| Izinga lokuhlanzeka | Kubi kancane | Phezulu | |
| Umkhiqizo ofanelekayo | 1 ~ 5ct ukukhulisa amadayimane | Khulisa amadayimane ngaphezu kuka-5ct | |
| Isicelo sobuchwepheshe | Iziqu zesicelo | Ubuchwepheshe buvuthiwe, ukusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kubanzi futhi kunenzuzo esobala emhlabeni | Ubuchwepheshe bangaphandle sebuvuthiwe, kodwa ubuchwepheshe basekhaya busesesigabeni socwaningo, futhi imiphumela yohlelo lokusebenza mincane |
Imboni yedayimane yokwenziwa yaseChina yaqala sekwephuzile, kodwa isivinini sokuthuthukisa imboni siyashesha.Njengamanje, okuqukethwe kwezobuchwepheshe, ama-carats kanye nentengo yemishini yokwenziwa kwedayimane yokwenziwa e-China kunezinzuzo zokuncintisana emhlabeni.Idayimane yokwenziwa inezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezifanayo njengedayimane lemvelo, njenge-super hard, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nokumelana nokugqwala.Kuyinto ethuthukisiwe ye-inorganic non-metallic material esebenza kahle kakhulu, ukunemba okuphezulu, okuhlala njalo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.Iwumgogodla osetshenziswayo ekukhiqizeni amathuluzi okucubungula okusaha, ukusika, ukugaya nokubhoboza izinto eziphakeme eziqinile neziphukayo.Izicelo zetheminali zimbozwe kabanzi embonini ye-aerospace nezempi, izinto zokwakha, amatshe, ukuhlola nezimayini, ukucutshungulwa kwemishini, amandla ahlanzekile, i-electronics yabathengi, i-semiconductor nezinye izimboni.Njengamanje, ukusetshenziswa okuyinhloko kwedayimane yokwenziwa yekhwalithi ephezulu, okuyidayimane elilinyiwe, kusembonini yobucwebe.
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| Iwindi lokufuna imicibisholo | Ibhilidi yokumba idayimane yokuhlola i-petroleum |
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| I-Diamond saw blade | Ithuluzi ledayimane |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwemboni yedayimane yokwenziwa | |
Izimo zokukhiqiza amadayimane emvelo zinzima kakhulu, ngakho ukushoda kubaluleke kakhulu, intengo iphezulu unyaka wonke, futhi intengo yamadayimane alinyiwe iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo yedayimane yemvelo.Ngokusho kwe- "Global Diamond Industry 2020-21" ekhishwe ngabakwa-Bain Consulting, intengo yokuthengisa/yokuthengiswa kwamadayimane alinywayo ibilokhu yehla kusukela ngo-2017. Ngekota yesine ka-2020, intengo yokuthengisa yamadayimane atshalwe elebhu cishe i-35% eyamadayimane emvelo, futhi intengo ye-wholesale icishe ibe ngama-20% waleyo yamadayimane emvelo.Kulindeleke ukuthi ngokuthuthukiswa kancane kancane kwezindleko zobuchwepheshe, Inzuzo yentengo yemakethe yesikhathi esizayo yokutshala amadayimane izoba sobala kakhulu.
Intengo yedayimane yokulima ibalwe ngamaphesenti edayimane emvelo
B. Iketango lezimboni
Iketango lemboni yedayimane yokwenziwa
Ukukhuphuka kochungechunge lwezimboni zedayimane zokwenziwa kubhekise ekulethweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezifana nemishini yokukhiqiza kanye ne-catalyst yobuchwepheshe, kanye nokukhiqizwa komshini wokubhoboza wedayimane wokwenziwa.I-China ingumkhiqizi oyinhloko wedayimane le-HPHT, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwedayimane lokwenziwa kwe-CVD nakho kuthuthuka ngokushesha.Iqoqo lezimboni lakhiwe esiFundazweni saseHenan ngabakhiqizi bedayimane lokwenziwa elikhuphuka nomfula, okuhlanganisa i-Zhengzhou Huacheng Diamond Co., LTD., Zhongnan Diamond Co., LTD., Henan Huanghe Cyclone Co., LTD., njll. Lawa mabhizinisi athuthuke ngempumelelo ngempumelelo. futhi yakhiqiza izinhlayiya ezinkulu kanye nokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kwedayimane lokwenziwa (idayimane elilinyiwe).Amabhizinisi asenhla nomfula angochwepheshe bokukhiqiza kwedayimane eliwumgogodla, elinemali eqinile, futhi intengo yesamba sedayimane yokwenziwa izinzile, futhi inzuzo inothile uma kuqhathaniswa.
Ingxenye emaphakathi isho ukuhweba nokucutshungulwa kwedayimane lokwenziwa elingenalutho, ukuhweba ngedayimane lokwenziwa eliqediwe ukubhola, kanye nomklamo kanye noMose.Amadayimane amancane angaphansi kwe-carat eyi-1 avame ukusikwa eNdiya, kuyilapho ama-carat amakhulu afana namadayimane angu-3, 5, 10 noma amadayimane amise okwesipesheli ngokuvamile asikwa e-United States.I-China manje isivela njengesikhungo sokusika esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, kanti i-Chow Tai Fook yakha indawo yokusika abantu abangu-5,000 e-Panyu.
I-Downstream ibhekisela kakhulu ekuthengisweni kwedayimane lokwenziwa, ukumaketha nezinye izimboni ezisekelayo.Idayimane yokwenziwa yezinga lezimboni isetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-aerospace, ukucutshungulwa kwemishini kanye nokukhiqiza, ukuhlola kwe-petroleum nezinye izimboni.Iningi lamadayimane okwenziwa aseqophelweni eliphezulu athengiswa embonini yobucwebe njengamadayimane atshalwa ebangeni lobucwebe.Njengamanje, i-United States inemakethe evuthwe kakhulu emhlabeni yokutshala nokuthuthukiswa kwedayimane, enochungechunge lokuthengisa oluphelele uma kuqhathaniswa.
C. Izimo zemakethe
Eminyakeni yokuqala, intengo yeyunithi yedayimane yokwenziwa yayiphezulu ngokufinyelela ku-20 ~ 30 yuan i-carat ngayinye, okwenza amabhizinisi amaningi okukhiqiza amasha abenqabela.Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza, intengo yedayimane yokwenziwa yehla kancane kancane, futhi eminyakeni yamuva, intengo yehle yaba ngaphansi kweyuan eyi-1 carat ngayinye.Ngokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-aerospace kanye nezempi, ama-silicone wafers we-photovoltaic, ama-semiconductors, ulwazi lwe-elekthronikhi nezinye izimboni ezisafufusa, ukusetshenziswa kwedayimane lokwenziwa emkhakheni wokukhiqiza okuphezulu kukhula njalo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yomthelela wezinqubomgomo zemvelo, ubukhulu bemakethe yemboni (ngokwemibandela yokukhiqizwa kwedayimane yokufakelwa) kubonise umkhuba wokwehla kokuqala bese ukwanda eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, kukhuphukela ku-14.65 billion carats ngo-2018 futhi kulindeleke ukuthi ifinyelele ku-15.42 billion carats ngo-2023. Izinguquko ezithile zimi kanje:
Indlela yokukhiqiza eyinhloko e-China yindlela ye-HTHP.Umthamo ofakiwe we-push press enezinhlangothi eziyisithupha unquma ngokuqondile umthamo wokukhiqiza wedayimane lokwenziwa, kuhlanganise nedayimane elilinyiwe.Ngokuqonda okuhlukahlukene kwethimba labacwaningi bephrojekthi, amandla akhona ezwe awadluli ku-8,000 ohlotsheni lwakamuva lomshini ophezulu osemaceleni ayisithupha, kanti isidingo semakethe sisonke sicishe sibe ngu-20,000 wohlobo lwakamuva lomshini wokunyathelisa osemaceleni ayisithupha.Njengamanje, ukufakwa kwaminyaka yonke kanye nokugunyazwa kwabakhiqizi bedayimane abaningana abakhulu basekhaya sekufinyelele umthamo ozinzile wamayunithi amasha angama-500, kude nokuhlangabezana nesidingo semakethe, ngakho-ke esikhathini esifushane naphakathi, ukutshalwa kwemakethe yedayimane embonini yedayimane okubalulekile.
Isidingo sikazwelonke somthamo wedayimane lokwenziwa
D. Inkambiso yentuthuko
① Ithrendi yokugxilisa ingqondo embonini iya ngokuya ibonakala
Ngokuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo kanye nokunwetshwa kwenkundla yezicelo zamabhizinisi emikhiqizo yedayimane ezansi nomfula, amakhasimende abeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme ngekhwalithi nokusebenza kokugcina kwedayimane lokwenziwa, okudinga amabhizinisi edayimane lokwenziwa ukuthi abe nemali eqinile kanye nocwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe namandla okuthuthuka, kanye ikhono lokuhlela ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elikhulu kanye nokuphathwa kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka ngokuhlanganyela.Kuphela ngokuba nocwaningo oluqinile lomkhiqizo namandla okuthuthuka, amandla okukhiqiza nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi, amabhizinisi amakhulu angagqama emqhudelwaneni onolaka wemboni, ngokuqhubekayo aqongelele izinzuzo zokuncintisana, andise izinga lokusebenza, akhe umkhawulo wemboni ephezulu, futhi ngokuya ngokuya ebambe isikhundla esiphezulu embonini. umncintiswano, okwenza imboni yethule umkhuba wokugxila.
②Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa
Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwamandla okukhiqiza ezimbonini kazwelonke, ukuzinza kanye nokucwengwa kwamathuluzi okucubungula kuyadingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe.Inqubo yoshintsho yamathuluzi edayimane okwenziwa aseShayina ukusuka phansi ukuya esiphethweni esiphansi izosheshiswa nakakhulu, futhi inkambu yokusetshenziswa kwetheminali yedayimane yokwenziwa izokwandiswa nakakhulu.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwafezwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nentuthuko ezuziwe ezicini ze-synthetic cavity enkulu kanye nokwenza kahle kwesando se-alloy eqinile, okugqugquzela kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwedayimane yokwenziwa.
③Ukutshalwa kwedayimane ukuze kusheshiswe ukukhuphuka kwamathemba emakethe
Idayimane lokwenziwa lisetshenziswe kabanzi emkhakheni wezimboni.Ngaphezu kuka-90% wedayimane elisetshenziswa embonini yomhlaba wonke idayimane lokwenziwa.Ukusetshenziswa kwedayimane lokwenziwa emkhakheni wabathengi (idayimane elilinyiwe lezinga lobucwebe) nakho kusheshisa ukukhuphuka kwethemba lemakethe kubanzi.
Idayimane yokulima ubucwebe bezinga lomhlaba wonke isesigabeni sokuqala sokukhula, imakethe yesikhathi eside inendawo enkulu.Ngokusho kweBain & Company's 2020 -- 2021 Global Diamond Industry Research Report, imakethe yomhlaba wonke yobucwebe ngo-2020 yedlula amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-264, lapho amadola ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-64 bekuwubucwebe bedayimane, ebalelwa kuma-24.2%.Mayelana nesakhiwo sokusetshenziswa, ngokombiko we-Bain Consulting's Global Diamond Industry Research Report 2020 -- 2021, ukusetshenziswa kwe-United States ne-China kubalelwa cishe ku-80% kanye no-10% wemakethe yokusetshenziswa kwedayimane elinywe emhlabeni wonke.
Cishe ngo-2016, amadayimane amancane okulima angenambala akhiqizwe ubuchwepheshe be-HTHP ezweni lethu aqala ukungena esigabeni sokukhiqiza ngobuningi, ubumbudumbudu kanye nekhwalithi yokulinywa kwedayimane ngenqubekelaphambili yobuchwepheshe bokuhlanganiswa nokuqhubeka nokuthuthuka, amathemba emakethe yesikhathi esizayo abanzi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jul-08-2023